1. Be honest and sincere

Liu Chang (1019-1068), a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, said: “A king is honest with the heart of fear of the heaven, but he will not be jealous even if there is disaster; and his heart of fear of the heaven is jealous even if there is disaster, but he will be jealous even if there is disaster. href=”https://sites.google.com/view/sugardaddy-coding”>官网 is kind. When it comes to being kind, one can tell that without asking, one can benefit without giving, and one can bless you without giving, so that human nature is loyal.” [3] The two Chengs also said: “Loyalty is the law of nature.” [4] From this we can see that the loyalty of the king is very important. Zhu Xi inherited the loyalty and virtue thoughts of Liu Chang and Er Cheng. Zhu Xi believed that correcting the king’s heart is the “most fundamental” to determine political failure. He said: “The country has its most basic foundation, and it has its own smallest foundation. The righteous heart is the most basic.” [2] 2678 people, as long as the heart is upright, the whole country will be peaceful. Otherwise, the whole country will be “no evil.” He said: “A man’s heart is right, and there will be no wrong things in the whole country; if the man’s heart is wrong, there will be no wrong things in the whole country.” [5] Therefore, correcting the king’s heart is the “most fundamental” of the whole country. Zhu Xi said: “All things in the country have the most basic foundation, and each thing has its own key points. The most basic foundation is not derived from the heart of the ruler, but what is said is to be important must be established, and then it can be seen… This is why those who want to calm the whole country are eager to establish a foundation.” [5]1112 Therefore, Zhu Xi believed that being honest and honest is what a man must do, and is the “most basic foundation”. As long as your heart is upright, the whole country will be upright. Zhu Xi said: A monarch “righteous heart to upright the court, the court to upright all officials, and the “this child!” The neighboring residence helplessly slammed his head, “Then go back, the small official is upright to upright to the people, and the right to upright to the people.” [5]581

So, what is “right”? “Right”, the axe of integrity, fairness, justice, righteousness and doctrine of the mean. Zhu Xi said: “It is just a place without any bias.” [2]645 In Zhu Xi’s view, a ruler should be upright to the heart of a king, not to be moved by confusion or desire, not to lose the benevolence that arises, and to concentrate on managing the country. He emphasized the sentence “Big Xue” very much: “Those who say that self-cultivation is to correct their minds will not be correct if they have something angry or angry, but they will not be correct if they have something feared or happy; they will not be correct if they have something to do with it; they will not be correct if they have something to do with it.” He explained: “The four things are all the uses of the mind, but what people cannot overcome is not enough. However, once they have it, they cannot observe it, and they want to move emotions, but what they use is what they use.If you do it, you may not be able to lose the right way. ”[6] Therefore, in Zhu Xi’s view, if a monarch wants to be “righteous”, he must be upright. Zhu Xi said: “The heart of a lord is fair and upright, without any side-to-side selfishness, and then he will be established with some connection. ”[5]586

What is “heart”? Zhu Xi believes that “heart” is divided into “Tao heart” and “human heart”. “Tao heart” is the heart of “meaning reason”, which is moral and pure and kind. Zhu Xi said: “For those who are prosecuted by righteousness, they are the heart of Tao. ”[5]3180 Zhu Xi’s explanation is clearly influenced by Cheng. Cheng once said: “Loyalty is the law of heaven” [4]124 This means that “loyalty” is the “heart of Tao”, because “loyalty” belongs to “the law of heaven”. Therefore, “loyalty” is also kind and moral like “heart of Tao”.

What is “human heart”? Zhu Xi said: “The heart is the person’s knowledge that people are in charge of things and refer to the selfishness of their bodies, and refers to the human heart that is born from the body. ”[5]3180 “Human heart” is due to “selfish desires”, which is unethical and evil. Zhu Xi said: “The mind’s imperfect knowledge has been broken down, but those who think that the difference between human heart and Taoist heart are due to the fact that it is born from the selfishness of form or originate from the righteousness of life, and the reason why people are different because they are dangerous and uneasy, or are wonderful and difficult to see. However, all people have this form, so even if the wisdom of the highest is not as good as the heart of the human being, they also have this nature. Therefore, even if the foolishness of the lowest is not as good as the heart of the Tao. ”[6]14

Although the “Tao Heart” and “Human Heart” are both people’s “heart”, because people have different moral cultivation and temperament, they produce different “heart”. Therefore, “human heart” should be served from harmony from “Tao Heart”. He said: “‘Man’s heart is dangerous, and Tao’s heart is subtle’. Just one mind, what should be two things? As far as he is concerned, that one is only a “human heart” and that one is only a “dao heart”. ”[2]1462 Even the emperor must have the “heart of Tao”. In Zhu Xi’s view, being honest and honest is the loyalty and virtue of the ruler. When he explained “Big Learning” “From the emperor and the common people, one is to cultivate oneself as the basis”: “One is everything.” ”[6]4 This “everything” naturally includes the emperor. Then he continued: “Above the mind, the above is to cultivate one’s own self-cultivation. ”[6]4 According to the framework of “Three Names” and “Eight Eight Essays” in “Big Learning”, “correcting the mind” includes investigating things, attaining knowledge, and then correcting the mind. Therefore, “correcting the mind is the reason for cultivating the body” is to understand